Sources

• “Denis Rapontchombo”, biography published by miboue.com, after the archives of the Denis family and the sources below.
• Bulletin des Pères du Saint-Esprit, 1876 (death and baptism of the king).
• Paul Belloni du Chaillu, Voyages et aventures dans l’Afrique équatoriale, Paris, Michel Lévy, 1863 (“A royal farm”).
• Richard F. Burton, account of his visit to King Denis (portrait of the king).
• Marquis de Compiègne and Alfred Marche, L’Afrique équatoriale, Paris, Plon, 1876.
• Dr Griffon du Bellay, “Le Gabon”, Le Tour du Monde, 1865, pp. 273-320.
• Rev. Fr. Gautier, Étude historique sur les Mpongwès et tribus avoisinantes, Brazzaville, Institut d’études centrafricaines, 1950.
• Vice-Admiral Fleuriot de Langle, “Croisières à la côte d’Afrique”, Le Tour du Monde, 1872-1876.

Source

• Elikia M'Bokolo, « Le roi Denis, grandeur et déclin d'un souverain gabonais », in Les Africains, Paris, Éditions Jeune Afrique, 1977, pp. 73-95 · the family's copy.
• By the same author: Elikia M'Bokolo, Le Roi Denis : la première tentative de modernisation du Gabon, series “Grandes figures africaines”, 1977, 94 pp., illustrated by Bernard Rouzet (ISBN 2-85809-044-0).
• Sources cited by the author: A. Raponda-Walker, Notes d'histoire du Gabon, 1960; J. L. Wilson, Western Africa, 1856, and « Traite des Noirs au Gabon », Revue coloniale, 1844; P. B. Du Chaillu, Voyages et aventures dans l'Afrique équatoriale, 1863; Griffon du Bellay, « Le Gabon », Le Tour du Monde, 1865; Marquis de Compiègne, L'Afrique équatoriale, 1885; H. Deschamps, Quinze ans de Gabon, 1965; K. D. Patterson, The Northern Gabon Coast to 1875, 1975.

Summary and short quotations, translated from the pages of the book photographed by the family; the family's clarifications are marked as such.

• The family's testimony: the order of the tombs and the story of the row, given by Jacques Makaya Zimamo and his family during the review of the site, October 2026.
• Abbé André Raponda-Walker, Notes d'histoire du Gabon, Mémoires de l'Institut d'Études Centrafricaines no. 9, Brazzaville, 1960: the king's burial at Iwounwé.
• Elikia M'Bokolo, « Le roi Denis, grandeur et déclin d'un souverain gabonais », Les Africains, Éditions Jeune Afrique, 1977, pp. 94-95: his last wishes and his funeral.

• André Raponda-Walker, Notes d’histoire du Gabon, Brazzaville, Mémoires de l’Institut d’études centrafricaines no. 9, 1960, full text on the IRD portal (in French): the king’s ancestry, the éka and the name Rapontchombo (p. 24); the treaty of 1839 and King Louis’s treaty “on 18 March 1841” (pp. 25-26); the gold ring, death and burial of the king (p. 29); Ré-Mboko “the first of the Assiga to ascend the éka”, Félix Adandé and his children (pp. 30-33); King Louis’s treaty dated “18 March 1842” and the birth of Ré-Dowé (p. 35); the border and offerings of the Assiga and the Agulamba (p. 39); King François and his mother Ngwé-Nanga, the act of 1 August 1846 (pp. 42-43); list of clans, Agwémpono and Asiga (pp. 51-52); bride price and descent (p. 53); insignia, éka, the drum épona, succession (pp. 53-54); the cemeteries of Ozogolo (p. 89); the Pygmies of the left bank (p. 148).
• Michel Jouin, La terminologie de parenté mpongwè, Libreville, ORSTOM, 1973, full text on the IRD portal (in French): the clans of the south bank and the Agwènkowa (p. 3); the 1842 figures after Wilson and Patterson (p. 4); the Asiga’s settlement in Glass (p. 5); lineage, clan, bride price and descent (pp. 6-9); chieftaincy, palaver house and treaties clan by clan (pp. 14-15); succession by the eldest son (p. 165).
• Jeremy Rich, “King or Knave? Félix Adende Rapontchombo and Political Survival in the Gabon Estuary”, African Studies Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 3, 2002, open access: Félix Adandé (1844-1911), chief of the Asiga clan in 1876 (pp. 1, 3); arrest and escape in 1884 (p. 6); tax collection around 1903 and loss of title in 1905 (p. 9); chief of the south bank until his death (pp. 9-10).
• John Leighton Wilson, Western Africa: its History, Condition, and Prospects, New York, 1856, pp. 292-294, archive.org: the four Mpongwe communities and the portrait of “King William”, King Denis.
• Paul B. Du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, London, 1861, pp. 17-18, archive.org: the king “belongs to the Ashiga family”; the Mbata plantations, quoted from the 1863 French translation reproduced by Raponda-Walker (p. 27).
• K. David Patterson, The Northern Gabon Coast to 1875, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975 (quoted by Jouin for the 1842 figures); Elikia M’Bokolo, Le roi Denis. La première tentative de modernisation du Gabon, Paris-Dakar, ABC-NEA, 1976 (the reference biography, not consulted for this article).
• Convention of 9 February 1839: Archives nationales d’outre-mer, FR ANOM 40 COL 436; map of 1865: Dr Griffon du Bellay, « Le Gabon (1861-1864) », Le Tour du Monde, 1865, Gallica/BnF.
• Virginie Ambougou, Oga of the Assiga clan: “Virginie Ambougou”, Wikipedia; Info241, 2021.
• The Mpago of April 2026: Africanews/AFP, 16 April 2026; Princess Marie-Anne Ankombie Rapontchombo: 7joursinfo, 2020; the ceremony at the king’s tomb: Gabon Télévisions, 4 November 2024.
• Tradition of the House: the Bwiti temple and the Omengo, the descent of the last generations (family testimony of Jacques Makaya Zimamo); see the family tree and the Sources page.

• On the rescue of the four English sailors and Queen Victoria’s gifts (gold chain, gold medal and its dedication): « Denis Rapontchombo », Miboue.
• Parliamentary Papers, 1841 (Niger expedition): report of Commander Tucker, HMS{' '} Wolverene, Fernando Po, 31 May 1840; the king’s letter to the Queen of 16 May 1840 (the Lynx sailors, the one hundred and twenty dollars, the gifts requested); Lord John Russell’s despatch of 30 January 1841; transcription: “The 1841 Niger expedition”, pdavis.nl.
• Correspondence with the British Commissioners … relating to the Slave Trade, Class A, C and D, presented to both Houses of Parliament, 1841: Commander Tucker’s letters of 17 March 1840 (arrival of the Wanderer at Sierra Leone) and 12 May 1840 (“to present King Denny with the medal sent out per ‘Wanderer’”), pp. 187-188; seizure of the Emilia in the Gabon river, 9 November 1840, pp. 118-120: Internet Archive.
• Royal Museums Greenwich, letters of Cornelius Thomas Augustus Noddall, 1840, with “a description of a medal presentation to King Denny, an African chief”, reference AGC/N/33: rmg.co.uk.
• Mélanie Soiron, La longévité politique. Ou les fondements symboliques du pouvoir politique au Gabon, doctoral thesis, Université Lille 1, 2009, vol. 1, pp. 82-83, note 207: theses.fr; Dr Griffon du Bellay, « Le Gabon », Le Tour du Monde, 1865, p. 287: Wikisource; the capture of the Lynx boat: Miboue; the two crowns: family tradition.
• On the Legion of Honour of 16 September 1839, the first distinction of its kind awarded to a man from sub-Saharan Africa: « Denis Rapontchombo », Wikipédia, which attributes it to King Denis; the family corrects this: it belongs to King Denis II, Louis Denis Marie Félix Adandé Rapontchombo.
• The crown and sceptre given by Queen Victoria: family tradition of the House of Rapontchombo, supported by the photographs of 1862.
• Images: portrait of Queen Victoria by Winterhalter (1843), Royal Collection; Buckingham Palace, engraving of 1837; photographs of 1862, musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac (inv. 70.2008.16.2.17); engraving by Émile Bayard. All in the public domain; see the Archives page of this site.
• Ships and chart: “H.M. Brig Wolverene, beating the Squadron” (PU6064); Nicholas Matthews Condy, The Capture of the slaver Gabriel by HMS Acorn, 6 July 1841 (BHC0628); Admiralty Chart No. 594, Africa Sheet II (F0133), Royal Museums Greenwich, via Wikimedia Commons, public domain.
• On the reign of King Denis: Elikia M'Bokolo and Bernard Rouzet, Le Roi Denis : la première tentative de modernisation du Gabon, ABC, 1977.

• On the ordinance of 16 September 1839 and the precedence of the distinction: « Denis Rapontchombo », Wikipédia.
• On the citation “for exceptional services rendered”, the silver-gilt medal of the Ministry of the Navy and the privileges obtained by the Prince de Joinville: « Denis Rapontchombo », Miboue.
• The treaty of 9 February 1839: convention between King Denis and Lieutenant Bouët, Archives nationales d'outre-mer, FR ANOM 40 COL 436.
• Images: Louis-Philippe and the Prince de Joinville by Winterhalter (1841, 1843), château de Versailles; view of Versailles, plate from the Galeries historiques, Rijksmuseum; watercolour by Darondeau (1839) via Wikimedia Commons; photograph of 1862, musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac (inv. 70.2008.16.2.17). All in the public domain; see the Archives page of this site.

• On the “Bene merenti” medal sent to King Denis by Gregory XVI: « Denis Rapontchombo », Miboue.
• On the papal Bene merenti distinction and its history: Association des Chevaliers Pontificaux.
• On Gregory XVI’s condemnation of the slave trade (In supremo apostolatus, 3 December 1839): papal text, Vatican archives.
• On the arrival of Father Bessieux and Brother Grégoire Sey on 28 September 1844 and the Sainte-Marie mission: « Jean-Rémy Bessieux », Wikipédia; « Les travaux et les jours de la Mission Sainte-Marie du Gabon (1845-1880) », Persée.
• Images: portrait of Gregory XVI by Paul Delaroche; view of Saint Peter’s Square by Piranesi (1772), Statens Museum for Kunst; interpretative engraving of the medal, House of Rapontchombo. Public domain unless otherwise stated.

• Le Monde colonial illustré, 1939, p. 128: Marthe Savorgnan de Brazza, « Acte de naissance de l'A.É.F. », full text of the convention of 9 February 1839 (Gallica/BnF).
• Convention of 9 February 1839 between King Denis and Lieutenant Bouët: Archives nationales d'outre-mer, reference FR ANOM 40 COL 436 (digitised document).
• La Croix de Flers and La Libre Parole: account of the Arèthuse and the village of the freed (Gallica/BnF, public domain).
• Notre librairie: the 1839 convention signed aboard La Malouine with « le roi Kowé-Rapontchombo dit Roi Denis » (Gallica/BnF).
• Le Républicain du Gard, 1939 (Gallica/BnF).
• On the reign as a whole: André Raponda-Walker, Notes d'histoire du Gabon, 1960, ch. II; and the Family tree page.

In the press of July 1939 (Gallica / BnF)

• Le Monde colonial illustré · 1939, p. 172: list of the “delegates of the Empire in Paris” and the reception by Georges Mandel.
• Le Petit Parisien · 10 July 1939: announces the make-up of the delegation, on the front page.
• L'Intransigeant · July 1939: interview with the prince: « C’est la première fois que nous venons aux fêtes du 14 Juillet ».
• Ce soir · 9 July 1939, p. 5: an account of the delegates landing at Bordeaux on 8 July from the liner Brazza; it introduces “prince Rapontchombo, descendant of the famous Déni tribe, chief of Gabon”.
• L'Homme libre · July 1939: the delegation’s first flight aboard an Air France Bloch 220.
• Le Républicain des Hautes-Pyrénées · July 1939: the reception on behalf of Georges Mandel, Minister of the Colonies.
• La Liberté du Sud-Ouest · July 1939: « le personnage le plus considérable de la délégation ».
• La Dépêche de Brest · July 1939: « arrière-petit-fils du roi Denis », come to discover Paris.
• Paris-soir, L’Écho d’Alger, Le Midi socialiste, Excelsior… · July 1939: reprinted in the Paris and regional press.

Cuttings found through the full-text search of Gallica (57 documents citing “Rapontchombo”); press published before 1946, public domain.

• Jean-Marie Garraud, « Le centenaire de la présence de la France au Gabon sera célébré demain à Libreville », Le Figaro, 31 July 1950, p. 6: Gallica.
• Le Figaro, 5 August 1950, p. 7, J.-M. Garraud, « Libreville a fêté avec éclat le centenaire du Gabon »: Gallica.
• Photographic archives of the Rapontchombo family.

• Memory of the House of Rapontchombo: the event of 2 August 2015 and the names of the dignitaries cited come from the family chronology, presented on the Royal House page.
• Verified titles: Salomon Madiba Songuè, paramount chief of the Bakoko canton (Wikipédia); Mahamat Bahar Marouf, sultan of Logone-Birni (Wikipédia); the dynasty of the Bell kings of Douala (Jeune Afrique).
• Televised tributes of 2015 at Pointe-Denis: RTG via aLibrevilleTV, 3 November 2015, listed on the Archives page.

• July 1960 delegation: « La marche vers l'État gabonais », Infos Plus Gabon; « Libreville : les enfants du roi Denis », Jeune Afrique, 16 January 2014 (restricted access).
• Virginie Ambougou: « Virginie Ambougou, l'une des deux premières femmes députées du Gabon », Info241, 22 March 2021.
• Denis Marie-Félix Adandé Rapontchombo, « Ancien Maire du 4ème Arrondissement, Secrétaire Communal PDG Libreville »: death notice, L'Union, 17 January 2017, L'Union archives; portrait with President Bongo: museum of the royal family, Pointe-Denis.
• « La Pointe-Denis, paradis gabonais de Mohammed VI et Ali Bongo Ondimba », Jeune Afrique, 1 July 2023 (restricted access).
• 2025 visit: report « Oligui Nguema salue la mémoire du roi Denis Rapontchombo », Gabon 24, March 2025, kept in the Archives.
• The Bwiti of the House: the Bwiti temple of King Denis (photograph of 1862, musée du quai Branly; the reading of the building as a temple belongs to the tradition of the House), the Bwiti Omengo and the Bwiti Missoko; circulars of Princess Marie-Anne: 7joursinfo, February 2020, and Gabonactu, 5 April 2026; Africanews/AFP, 16 April 2026.
• 1839 and 1939: see the Legion of Honour of King Denis II, the gifts of Queen Victoria and Prince Félix Adandé in Paris, with their sources; Léon M'ba and Omar Bongo as initiates: Omar Bongo, the Bwitist president.

• André Raponda-Walker and Roger Sillans, Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon, Paris, Présence africaine, 1962: archive.org; review in L'Homme, 1963: Persée.
• Julien Bonhomme, Le miroir et le crâne. Parcours initiatique du Bwete Misoko (Gabon), Paris, CNRS Éditions / Éditions de la MSH, 2006.
• Otto Gollnhofer and Roger Sillans, La mémoire d'un peuple. Ethno-histoire des Mitsogho, ethnie du Gabon central, Paris, Présence africaine, 1997.
• On the temple at Pointe-Denis and the transmission within the House: The Bwiti temple of King Denis and The Bwiti Omengo of Maison Assiga; the reading of the 1861 building as a temple and the Omengo branch belong to the oral tradition of the House of Rapontchombo, and are presented as such.
• Objects and instruments cited: see the Archives page, with the museums’ inventory numbers.

• Otto Gollnhofer and Roger Sillans, La mémoire d'un peuple. Ethno-histoire des Mitsogho, ethnie du Gabon central, Paris, Présence africaine, 1997.
• André Raponda-Walker and Roger Sillans, Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon, Paris, Présence africaine, 1962: archive.org.
• James W. Fernandez, Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa, Princeton University Press, 1982.
• The Disumba lineage of Jérôme Mouele Niangou, as given by himself: his portrait on this site.
• The other branches: Missoko, Ngondet, Omengo; the overview: What is the Bwiti?.

• Julien Bonhomme, Le miroir et le crâne. Parcours initiatique du Bwete Misoko (Gabon), Paris, CNRS Éditions / Éditions de la MSH, 2006.
• André Raponda-Walker and Roger Sillans, Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon, Paris, Présence africaine, 1962: archive.org.
• On the House and its guardians: The Bwiti Omengo, the portrait of Jérôme Mouele Niangou and the{' '} Family tree page; the annual ceremonial of 2024 at the king’s tomb, on the Archives page.
• The trunk: Disumba; the branch of the Missoko: Ngondet; the branch of the House, springing from the Disumba: Omengo; the overview: What is the Bwiti?.

• The lineage of the Bwiti Ngondet and the initiatory journey were provided by Jérôme Mouele Niangou himself and are published with his consent: his portrait on this site.
• On the ways of the ngangas to which the Ngondet is close: Julien Bonhomme, Le miroir et le crâne. Parcours initiatique du Bwete Misoko (Gabon), Paris, CNRS Éditions / Éditions de la MSH, 2006.
• The other branches: Disumba, Missoko, Omengo; the overview: What is the Bwiti?.

• André Raponda-Walker and Roger Sillans, Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon, Paris, Présence africaine, 1962: archive.org; review in L'Homme, 1963: Persée.
• James W. Fernandez, Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa, Princeton University Press, 1982.
• Dr Griffon du Bellay, « Le Gabon (1861-1864) », Le Tour du Monde, 1865: la case du roi Denis, p. 288 (Gallica/BnF, public domain).
• Mpongwe harps and instruments: musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, inv. 71.1937.0.179.1 and 71.1961.120.136; see the Archives page.
• On the present-day ceremonies at Pointe-Denis: Gabon Review, 5 April 2026; Africanews/AFP, 16 April 2026.
• The name Omengo, the reading of the 1861 building as a temple and the content of the branch belong to the oral tradition of the House of Rapontchombo, gathered from its guardians; they are presented as such. The place name itself is attested: when King Denis died in 1876, the Orungu chief Ré-Ntchengué “ordered a special mourning in his own town, Omèngo”, near Cape Lopez (Abbé André Raponda-Walker, quoted by Miboue).

• Auguste Houzé de l'Aulnoit, photographs of Gabon, 1862; prints held at the musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac (including « Le roi Denis », 1862).
• Dr Griffon du Bellay, « Le Gabon (1861-1864) », Le Tour du Monde, 1865, pp. 273-320; engravings by É. Bayard and Thérond after Houzé de l'Aulnoit; la case du roi Denis, p. 288 (Gallica/BnF, public domain).
• On the lineage and the keeping of the rites: André Raponda-Walker, Notes d'histoire du Gabon, Brazzaville, 1960, ch. II-III; and the Family tree page of this site.
• The identification of the building as a Bwiti temple belongs to the tradition of the House of Rapontchombo; the sources of 1865 refer to it as « la case du roi Denis ».

• Biographical landmarks: Omar Bongo, Wikipédia.
• The portrait of Prince Denis Adande Rapontchombo and President Bongo is kept in the museum of the royal family at Pointe-Denis (see the Gallery); Omar Bongo’s place among the great Bwitists also belongs to the memory of the House of Rapontchombo, and is presented as such.

• T. Edward Bowdich, Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee, London, 1819, appendix on Gabon: archive.org.
• John Leighton Wilson, Western Africa: its History, Condition, and Prospects, New York, 1856: archive.org.
• Paul Du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, 1861: archive.org.
• Dr Griffon du Bellay, « Le Gabon (1861-1864) », Le Tour du Monde, 1865: Gallica/BnF.
• A Grammar of the Mpongwe Language, with Vocabularies, American mission of Gabon, New York, 1847: archive.org; The Gospel of Matthew in the Mpongwe Language, 1850: archive.org; The Four Gospels in the Mpongwe Language, 1879: archive.org.
• Grammaire de la langue pongouée, Catholic mission, 1873: archive.org.
• Robert H. Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa, 1904: archive.org; Where Animals Talk: West African Folk Lore Tales, 1912: archive.org.
• André Raponda-Walker, Notes d'histoire du Gabon, Brazzaville, 1960; Dictionnaire mpongwè-français: archive.org; with Roger Sillans, Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon, Paris, 1962: archive.org.
• K. David Patterson, The Northern Gabon Coast to 1875, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975; Henry H. Bucher, The Mpongwe of the Gabon Estuary: a History to 1860, thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1977.
• Convention of 9 February 1839 between King Denis and Lieutenant Bouët: Archives nationales d'outre-mer, FR ANOM 40 COL 436.
• On today’s rites: Africanews/AFP, 16 April 2026 (the Mpago rite); Gabon Review, 5 April 2026 (the Mpongwe chieftaincy); Gabon Review, 28 August 2026 (« Nchantonwin », on the former name of Pointe-Denis).
• On demography: « Mpongwè », Wikipédia (60,000 to 80,000 people); « Myènè (peuple) », Wikipédia; Sorosoro, « Le mpongwè » (on the state of the language).
• The Mpongwe objects held in museums, with their inventory numbers: the Archives page of this site; the genealogy of the house: Family tree.

• Henry H. Bucher, « The Settlement of the Mpongwe clans in the Gabon estuary: an historical synthesis », Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, 1977, Persée; and The Mpongwe of the Gabon Estuary: A History to 1860, thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1977.
• André Raponda-Walker, Notes d'histoire du Gabon, 1960; on succession under Denis and under Glass and the rites of kingship: « Mpongwè », Miboue.
• Georges Rassondji at Nghango, Bowdich 1815, and the Agulamba of the lower Remboué: « Adyumba », Miboue; 1846 treaties with Bouët-Willaumez and Mecquet (“crique Georges”): « Grandes dates du Gabon », Miboue; “King Georges Rassondji, contemporary of King Denis”: « La royauté au Gabon », Encyclopédie de la mode gabonaise, 2013.
• Treaties of 1839, 1842, 1843, 1844: « Traités du Gabon », Miboue; signatory chiefs: « Mpongwe », Wikipédia; clans and Oga: « Mpongwe people », Wikipedia; « Anguilè Ré-Dowé », Wikipedia; « Roi Glass », Wikipédia.
• Map of 1865: Le Tour du Monde, see the Archives; Ngwembinda, of the Agulamba clan, mother of Félix Adandé: the House’s family tree, after Raponda-Walker.

• « Massango (peuple) » and « Isangu », Wikipédia entries: Massango · Isangu; drawing in particular on the work of Guy Claver Loubamono-Bessacque.
• Daniel Franck Idiata, Parlons isangu. Langue et culture des Bantu-Masangu du Gabon, Paris, L'Harmattan.
• André Raponda-Walker and Roger Sillans, Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon, Paris, Présence africaine, 1962: archive.org.
• Carved head from the Mbigou region: Världskulturmuseet, Gothenburg, inv. 1939.68.0005, CC0 image: museum record.
• The Djombi Tawo Tawo and the initiatory journey of Jérôme Mouele Niangou were communicated by him: his portrait on this site.

• Testimony of the House of Rapontchombo: the role of Jérôme Mouele Niangou alongside Jacques Makaya Zimamo belongs to the House’s own transmission, and is presented as such.
• The initiations (Djombi Tawo Tawo, Mwiri, Bwiti Ngondet, Disumba) and the initiatory lineages were communicated by Jérôme Mouele Niangou himself and are published with his consent.
• On the Missoko initiation and the bond with the initiator: Julien Bonhomme, Le miroir et le crâne. Parcours initiatique du Bwete Misoko (Gabon), Paris, CNRS Éditions / Éditions de la MSH, 2006.
• On Jacques Makaya Zimamo and the lineage: the Family tree page and the annual ceremonial on the king’s tomb (2024 report, Archives page).

• On the park (created in 2002, 870 km², habitats, Ramsar site since 2007): « Parc national de Pongara », Wikipédia; Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux du Gabon.
• On the Mpago rite and the closing of the sea: Africanews/AFP, 16 April 2026; Gabon Review, 5 April 2026.
• On leatherback nesting on the Gabonese coast and the passage of humpback whales in the Gulf of Guinea: monitoring programmes of the ANPN and partner NGOs (Aventures Sans Frontières, Ibonga).
• Aerial photographs of the Domain: House of Rapontchombo. Leatherback turtles: Jordan Beard; humpback whale: Giles Laurent; Nyonié mangrove: Christian Vigna · CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.